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Immortality

Key terms
The question
Proof and faith
Reward and punishment
Forms of survival

Fear of death

Why does the thought of death trouble us so? Fear of death is the dread that life will end together with the wish that it should not. These readings ask whether the fear is natural, how it can be answered, and what it says about the person who feels it.

5 readings

Chapter 14 of the Book of Job (Douay-Rheims text) belongs to Job’s reply in the dialogue with his friends, spoken in his affliction. He asks “where is he?” of the man “dead, and stripped and consumed”, and whether he “live again”, and he looks to “my change”. The chapter is a principal Old Testament text on death and the grave, and it stands under this term as an expression of the dread of dying.

In Book III of De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things), the Epicurean poet Lucretius turns from the mortality of the soul to the fear of death. He sets “time-to-be” beside the “fore-passed eld” before birth and calls Nature a “mirror”. The poem is the fullest surviving exposition of Epicurean physics, and the passage stands here as the Epicurean reply to the fear of death.

The soliloquy opens Act III, scene 1 of Hamlet, where the prince weighs “to be, or not to be”, to “suffer” or to end troubles, and speaks of “that sleep of death” and the “dreams” that “may come”. It is the best known speech in the play and among the most quoted in English. It sits under this term as a dramatist’s rendering of fear before the unknown.

The short essay Of Death, in Francis Bacon’s Essays, begins with the comparison of men’s fear of death to children’s fear “to go in the dark”, and speaks of death as “the wages of sin”, “passage to another world” and “a tribute due unto nature”. The Essays were first published in 1597 and enlarged in later editions. The passage stands under this term as a moralist’s account of the fear.

Section 18 of Gaudium et Spes, the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World of the Second Vatican Council, stands in the chapter on the dignity of the human person. It speaks of the “riddle” of human existence, of “perpetual extinction”, and of an “eternal seed” that “cannot be reduced to sheer matter”. It sits under this term as the Council’s statement on the anguish before death.